Cold Backed and Girth Shy (Cinchy) Syndromes in Ridden Horses: Could Mechanical Allodynia, a Common Consequence of Spinal Trauma, be a Contributing Factor

Authors

  • T. Ahern Knockadoon Lodge, 17 Keymer Street, Ascot, 6104, Western Australia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12970/2310-0796.2020.08.05

Keywords:

 Cold backed, cinchy, girthy, horse, mechanical allodynia, saddle fit.

Abstract

Colloquial terminology which included horses being described as ‘cold backed’,’cinchy’ or ‘girthy’ was commonplace in the sports horse industry. Explanations as to why horses should present with these altered behaviours included poor fitting or incorrectly applied tac, poor training, inexperienced or overweight riders, local trauma, as well as a limited number of medical conditions which included overriding of the dorsal spinous processes. The possibility that a proportion of these behaviours were alternatively, an exaggerated response to normal or innocuous pressures being applied to anatomical regions where mechanical allodynia was evident was discussed. The origins of this regional allodynia were also proposed and responses to treatment using cervical vertebral mobilisation under anaesthetic presented. 

References

Lolignier S, Eijkelkamp N, Wood JN. Mechanical allodynia. Pluggers Arch 2015; 467(1): 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-014-1532-0

Vecchiet L, Vecchiet J, Giamberardino MA. Referred Muscle Pain: Clinical and Pathophysiologic Aspects. Cure Rev Pain 1999; 3(6): 489-498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-999-0077-y

Cooper G, Bailey B, Bogduk N. Cervical Zygapophysial joint pain maps. Pain Medicine 2007; 8(4): 344-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00201.x

Dyson S, Carson S, Fisher M. Saddle fitting, recognising an ill‐fitting saddle and the consequences of an ill‐fitting saddle to horse and rider. Equine Vet Edu 2015; 27(10): 533-543. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12436

De Cocq P, Van Weeren PR, Back W. Saddle pressure measuring: Validity, reliability and power to discriminate between different saddle-fits. The Veterinary Journal 2006; 172(20: 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.05.009

Azouaghe O. Determining safe rider weights for horses. Veterinary Record 2018; 182(11): 185. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.k1222

Walmsley JP, Pettersson H, Winberg F, McEvoy F. Impingement of the dorsal spinous processes in two hundred and fifteen horses: case selection, surgical technique and results. Equine Vet J 2010; 34(1): 23-28. https://doi.org/10.2746/042516402776181259

Clayton HM, Stubbs NC. Enthesophytosis and Impingement of the Dorsal Spinous Processes in the Equine Thoracolumbar Spine. J Equine Vet Sci 2016; 47: 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.07.015

Stubbs NC, Riggs CM, Hodges PW, Jeffcott LB, Hodgson DR, Clayton HM, Mc Gowan CM. Osseous spinal pathology and epaxial muscle ultrasonography in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2010; 42(38): 654-661. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00258.x

Sleutjens J, Cooley J, Sampson S, Wijnberg I, Back W, van der Kolk J, Swiderski C. The Equine Cervical Spine: Comparing MRI and Contrast‐Enhanced CT Images with Anatomic Slices in the Sagittal, Dorsal and Transverse Plane. Equine Vet J 2014; 46: 74-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12267_146

Veraa S, Bergmann W, Weijnberg ID, Back W, Vernooij H, Nielen M, van den Belt AM. Equine cervical intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with location and MRI features. Vet Radio Ultrasound 2019; 60(6): 696706. https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12794

Bergmann W, Bergknut N, Veraa S, Gröne A, Vernooij H, Wijnberg ID, Back W, Grinwis GCM. Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Warmblood Horses: Morphology, Grading, and Distribution of Lesions. Vet Pathol 2018; 55(3): 442-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985817747950

Dyson S, Busoni V, Salciccia A. Intervertebral disc disease of the cervical and cranial thoracic vertebrae in equidae: eight cases. Equine Vet Edu 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13125

Dyson SJ. Unexplained forelimb lameness possibly associated with radiculopathy. Equine Vet Edu 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12980

Alpini DC, Grugnoni G, Cesarani A. Whiplash injuries diagnosis and treatment. 2nd ed. Italia: Springer-Verlag 2014.

Freeman M, Croft A, Rossignol AM. “Whiplash associated disorders: Redefining whiplash and its management” by the Quebec Task force: A critical evaluation. Spine 1998; 23(9): 1043-1049. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199805010-00015

Gurumoorthy D, Twomey L. The Quebec Task Force on whiplash associated disordeers. Spine 1996; 21(7): 897-898. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199604010-00027

Moog M, Quintner J, Hall T, Zusman M. The late whiplash syndreome: a psychophysical study. Our J Pain 2002; 6(4): 283-294. https://doi.org/10.1053/eujp.2002.0338

Dong L, Odeleye AO, Jordan-Sciutto KL, Winkelstein BA. Painful facet joint injury induces neuronal stress activation in the DRG: implications for cellular mechanisms of pain. Neurotic Lets 2008; 443(2): 90-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.059

Nickels J, Yelland M, Bayram C, Miller G, Sterling M. Management of whiplash associated disorders in Australian general practice. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2017; 18(1): 551. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-017-1899-0

Riccio B, Fraschetto C, Villanueva J, Cantatore F, Bertuglia A. Two Multicenter Surveys on Equine Back-Pain 10 Years a Part Front Vet Sci 2018: 5: 195. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00195

Matton JS, Drost WT, Grguric MR, Auld DM, Reed SM. echnique for equine cervical articular process injection. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 2004; 45(3): 238-240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04042.x

Mealy K, Brennan H, Fenelon GC. Early mobilisation of acute whiplash injuries. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986; 292(6521): 656-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.292.6521.656

Ranner W, Gerhards H, Klee W. Back problems on horses: Diagnostic validity of palpation. Berliner und Münchener tierärztliche Wochenschrift 2002; 115(11-12): 420-4.

Pongratz U, Licka T. Algometry to measure pain threshold in the horse’s back – An in vivo and in vitro study. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13: 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1002-y

Haussler KK, Erb HN. Pressure algometry for the detection of induced back pain in horses: a preliminary study. Equine Vet J 2006; 38(1): 76-81. https://doi.org/10.2746/042516406775374225

Murray R, Guire R, Fisher M, Fairfax V. Reducing Peak Pressures Under the Saddle Panel at the Level of the 10th to 13th Thoracic Vertebrae May Be Associated With Improved Gait Features, Even When Saddles Are Fitted to Published Guidelines. J Equine Vet Sci 2017; 54: 60-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2017.02.010

Hubbard RD, Chen Z, Winkelstein BA. Transient cervical nerve root compression modulates pain: Load thresholds for allodynia and sustained changes inspinlal neuropeptide expression. J Biotech 2008; 41(3): 677-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.09.026

Passatore M, Roatta, S. Influence of sympathetic nervous system on sensorimotor function: whiplash associated disorders (WAD) as a model. Our J Appl Physiol 2006; 98: 423-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0312-8

Lund PL, Sadegh S, Athanassiadis T, Salas NC, Auclair F, Thivierge B, Arsenault I, Rompre P, Westberg KG, Kolta A. Assessment of the Potential Role of Muscle Spindle Mechanoreceptor Afferents in Chronic Muscle Pain in the Rat Masseter Muscle. Plus One 2010; 5(6): e11131. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011131

Ahern TJ. Cervical vertebral mobilisation under anaesthetic (CVMUA) a physical therapy for the treatment of cervicospinal pain and stiffness. J Equine Vet Sci 1994; 14(10): 540-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81638-2

Ahern T. Cervical vertebral mobilisation under anaesthetic CVMUA: An update. World J Vet Sci 2019; 7: 24-26. https://doi.org/10.12970/2310-0796.2019.07.05

State Insurance Regulatory Authority, New South Wales Government, Australia. 2014 Guidelines for the management of acute whiplash-associated disorders for health professionals, third edition. https://www.sira.nsw.gov.au/ resources-library/motor-accident-resources/publications/forprofessionals/whiplash-resources/SIRA08104-WhiplashGuidelines-1117-396479.pdf (accessed 22nd April 2020).

Downloads

Published

2020-04-20

Issue

Section

Articles