Bitter Taste Receptors in Innate Immunity: T2R38 and Chronic Rhinosinusitis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12970/2308-7978.2017.05.03Keywords:
T2R38, Bitter Taste Receptor, Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Sinonasal Immunity.Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) serve a purpose far beyond taste sensation in the tongue; they have emerged as significant components of respiratory innate immune defense. T2R38, a specific T2R expressed in the airway, is activated by secreted products from gram-negative bacteria, and triggers nitric oxide (NO) production as a response. NO is directly bactericidal and also acts as a second messenger to increase ciliary beating and mucociliary clearance. T2R38 has common genetic polymorphisms that can render the receptor non-functional, and variations in functionality have demonstrated clinical impacts. Homozygotes for the non-functional form of the receptor have increased gram-negative bacterial proliferation in vivo, and these patients also are at a higher risk for chronic rhinosinusitis requiring functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Further studies have shown increased in vitro potential for biofilm formation in airway epithelial cells obtained from homozygote “non-taster” patients. Ongoing research into the clinical impact of T2R38 and other bitter taste receptors may yield novel therapeutics that leverage innate immune defense mechanisms and offer alternatives to conventional antibiotic treatment.References
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