Bacterial Growth Inhibitory Effect of Ceratonia siliqua L. Plant Extracts Alone and in Combination with Some Antimicrobial Agents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12970/2311-1755.2013.01.01.1Keywords:
Ceratonia siliqua L plant extract, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, combination, antimicrobial agents.Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the total extracts, methanolic and water extract of leaves with stems and the pods of Ceratonia siliqua L. each alone and in combination with some antimicrobials on some pathogens. As the wide use of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections has led to the emergence and spread of resistant strains. Many studies showed that the efficacy of antimicrobials can be improved by combining them with crude plant extracts.
Materials and Methods: the antibacterial activity of the total extracts, methanolic and water extract of leaves with stems and the pods of Ceratonia siliqua L. each alone and in combination with some antimicrobials was evaluated using well-diffusion method. Cytotoxicity of the total methanolic extract against Huh-7 liver and A-495 lung cancer cell lines was assessed using SRB method.
Results: Well diffusion method demonstrates an in-vitro antibacterial activity of the tested extracts against tested microorganisms. Combination of the tested extracts with antimicrobials increased the activity of the tested antimicrobials. A dose dependant effect on both Huh-7 liver and A-495 lung cancer cells was observed.
Conclusion: Our results revealed the importance of plant extracts when associated with antibiotics to control resistant bacteria that become a threat to human health. In addition, the tested plant extracts can be exposed for further investigation to be used as hepatoprotective agent.
References
Tim Cushnie TP, Lamb AJ. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoides. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 26: 343-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002
Livermore DM. Multiple mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in peudomonas aeruginosa: our worst nightmare? Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 634-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/338782
Naghmouchi S, Khouja M L, Romero A, Tous J, Boussaid M. Tunisian carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) populations: Morphological variability of pods and kernel. Scientia Horticulturae 2009; 121: 125-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.02.026
Umberto Quattrocchi FLS. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Name. Vol. I, Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, D. C.: CRC Press 2000.
Willis JC, Airy Shaw HK. A Dictionary Of The Flowering Plants And Ferns. 8th ed. 1985, Cambridge, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, Sydney: Cambridge University Press 1985; 225.
Owen RW, Haubner R, Hull WE, Erben G, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H, Haber B. Isolation and structure elucidation of the major individual polyphenols in carob fibre. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41: 1727-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00200-X
Avallone R, Plessi M, Baraldi M, Monzani A. Determination of Chemical Composition of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua): Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates, and Tannins. J Food Comp Anal 1997; 10: 166-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfca.1997.0528
Nachtomi E, Alumot E. Tannins and polyphenols in carob pods (Ceratonia siliqua). J Sci Food Agric 1963; 14: 464-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740140703
Henis Y, Tagari H, Volcani R. Effect of Water Extracts of Carob Pods, Tannic Acid, and Their Derivatives on the Morphology and Growth of Microorganisms. J Appl Microbiol 1964; 12: 204-209.
Kivçak B, Mert T, Ozturk HT. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Ceratonia siliqua L. Extracts. Turk J Biol 2002; 26: 197-200.
Tassou CC, Drosinos EH, Nychas GJE. Weak antimicrobial effect of carob (Ceratonia siliqua) extract against food-related bacteria in culture media and model food systems. World J Microb Biot 1997; 13: 479-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018544821143
Custódio L, Escapa AL, Fernandes E, Fajardo A, Aligué R, Alberício F, Neng N, Manuel J, et al. Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of the Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Germ Flour Extracts. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2011; 66: 78-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-011-0214-8
Ben Hsouna A, Trigui M, Ben Mansour R, Jarraya RM, Damak M, Jaoua S. Chemical composition, cytotoxicity effect and antimicrobial activity of Ceratonia siliqua essential oil with preservative effects against Listeria inoculated in minced beef meat. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 148: 66-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.04.028
Batlle I, Tous J. Carob tree. Ceratonia siliqua L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. Rome, Italy: Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute 1997; Vol. 17.
Mirhosseini H, Amid BT. A review study on chemical composition and molecular structure of newly plant gum exudates and seed gums. Food Res Int 2012; 46: 387-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.11.017
Dionísio M, Grenha A. Locust bean gum: Exploring its potential for biopharmaceutical applications. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2012; 4: 175-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.99013
Bennet JV, Brodie JL, Benner JL, Kirby WMM. Simplified accurate method for antibiotic assay of clinical specimens. J Appl Microbiol 1966; 14: 2170-77.
Gemeda N, Urga K, Tadele A, Lemma H, Melaku D, Mudie K. Antimicrobial Activity of Topical Formulation Containing Eugenia caryophyllata L. (Krunfud) and Myritus communis L. (Ades) Essential Oils on Selected Skin Disease Causing Microorganisms. Ethiop J Health Sci 2008; 18: 101-107.
Esimone CO, Adiukwu MU, Okonta JM. Preliminary Antimicrobial Screening of the Ethanolic Extract from the Lichen Usnea subfloridans (L). IJPRD 1998; 3: 99-102.
Adwan G, Mhanna M. Synergistic Effects of Plant Extracts and Antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Clinical Specimens. MEJSR 2008; 3: 134-39.
Ghaly MF, Shalaby MA, Shash SMS, Shehata MN, Ayad AA. Synergistic Effect of Antibiotics and Plant Extract to Control Clinical Bacterial Isolates Implicated in Urinary Tract Infections. J Appl Sci Res 2009; 5: 1298-306.
Suffness M, Pezzuto JM. In: Hostettmann K, (Ed.), Methods in Plant Biochemoistry, Assays for Bioactivity, Academic Press, London 1991; vol. 6.
Skehan P, Storeng R, Scudiero D, Monks A, McMahon J, Vistica D, Warren JT, et al. New colorimetric cytotoxicity assay for anticancer-drug screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1107-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.13.1107
Al-Abd AM, Lee JH, Kim SY, Kun N, Kuh HJ. Novel application of multicellular layers culture for in situ evaluation of cytotoxicity and penetration of paclitaxel. Cancer Sci 2009; 99: 423-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00700.x
Clinical and laboratory standards institutes: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Twenty first informational supplement M100-S21. Wayne, PA: CLSI: 2011.
Abdallah EM. Plants: An alternative source for antimicrobials. J Appl Pharma Sci 2011; 1: 16-20.
Mallikharjuna PB, Rajanna LN, Seetharam YN, Sharanabasappa GK. Phytochemical Studies of Strychnos potatorum L.f.- A Medicinal Plant. E-J Chem 2007; 4: 510-18.
Taleb-Contini SH, Salvador MJ, Watanabe E, Ito IY, Oliveira DCR. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids and steroids isolated from two Chromolaena species. Brazilian J Pharma Sci 2003; 39: 403-408.
Najafi S, Sanadgol N, Nejad BS, Beiragi MA, Sanadgol E. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad against Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Plant Res 2010; 4: 2321-25.
Linuma M, Tsuchiya H, Sato M, Yokoyama J, Ohyama M, Ohkawa Y, et al. Flavanones with potent antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Pharm Pharmacol 1994; 46: 892-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb05709.x
Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Augustin SA, Rémésy C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Rev. of 97 bioavailability studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 230S-42S.
Narayana KR, Reddy MS, Chaluvadi MR, Krishna DR. Bioflavonoids Classification, Pharmacological, Biochemical Effects and Therapeutic Potential. Indian J Pharmacol 2001; 33: 2-16.
Bijen K, Tuba M. Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Ceratonia siliqua L. Extracts. Turk J Biol 2002; 26: 197-200.
