Demographic Characteristics and Frequency of Use among Current Users of Classic Hallucinogens
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12970/2310-8231.2019.07.02Keywords:
Hallucinogen, demographic, frequency, NSDUH.Abstract
Little is known about the demographic characteristics of classic hallucinogen users and few investigations address the frequency of their use. This study used five years of data from The National Survey on Drug Use and Health, an annual, nationally representative, cross-sectional survey, conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration of the United States government, to examine age, gender, marital status, race/ethnicity, income, education, employment status and health status and among low, medium, and high frequency users of classic hallucinogens (N = 1323). Results indicated classic hallucinogen users were most likely to be White males between 18 and 25 years old, who had never been married, had some college, were employed full-time, had a family income less than $20,000 per year, and were in very good health. High frequency hallucinogen users were more likely to be males in the “Other” racial/ethnic category who were less well educated, and less healthy, but they did not differ from other users in age, marital status, family income, or employment. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.
References
Aghajanian GK, Marek GJ. Serotonin and hallucinogens. Neuropsychopharmacol 1999; 21(2): 16S-23S. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00135-3
Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA. Multiple receptors contribute to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens. Neuropharmacol 2011; 61(3): 364-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017
Vollenweider FX, Kometer M. The neurobiology of psychedelic drugs: Implications for the treatment of mood disorders. Nat Rev Neuroscience 2010; 11: 642-651. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2884
Halberstadt AL. Recent advances in neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens. Behav Brain Res 2015; 277: 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016
Hendricks PS, Thorne CB, Clark CB, Coombs DW, Johnson MW. Classic psychedelic use is associated with reduced psychological distress and suicidality in the United States adult population. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29(3): 280-288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114565653
Johansen P, Krebs TS. Psychedelics not linked to mental health problems or suicidal behavior: A population study. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29(3): 270-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114568039
Chilcoat HD, Schutz CG. Age-specific patterns of hallucinogen use in the US population: An analysis using generalized additive models. Drug Alcohol Depend 1996; 43: 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(96)01297-5
Wu L, Blazer DG, Swartz MS, Burchett B, Brady KT. Illicit and nonmedical drug use among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, and mixed-race individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133: 360-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.06.008
McCambridge J, Winstock A, Hunt N, Mitcheson L. 5-year trends in use of hallucinogens and other adjunct drugs among UK dance drug users. Eur Addict Res 2007; 13: 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1159/000095816
King F. Marijuana and LSD usage among male college students: Prevalence rate, frequency, and self-estimates of future use. Psychiatr 1969; 32(3): 265-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1969.11023590
Chunko JA. LSD now: 1973. J Drug Educ 1973; 3(4): 339-351. https://doi.org/10.2190/AMMF-UQ72-BRUX-KR81
Riley SCE, James C, Gregory D, Dingle H, Cadger M. Patterns of recreational drug use at dance events in Edinburgh, Scotland. Addict 2001; 96: 1035-1047. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.967103513.x
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association 2013. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD. Drug harms in the UK: A multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet 2010; 376: 1558–1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6
Nutt DJ, King LA, Saulsbury W. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet 2007; 369: 1047–1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4
Chen C, Storr CL, Anthony JC. Early-onset drug use and risk for drug dependence problems. Addict Behav 2009; 34: 319-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.10.021
Fantegrossi WE, Murnane KS, Reissig CJ. The behavioral pharmacology of hallucinogens. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75(1): 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.018
Kerridge BT, Saha TD, Smigh S, Chou PS, Pickering RP, Huang B, Ruan JW, Pulay AJ. Dimensionality of hallucinogen and inhalant/solvent abuse and dependence criteria: Implications for the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders—Fifth edition. Addict Behav 2011; 36: 912-918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.04.006
Moss HB, Chen CM, Yi H. Measures of substance consumption among substance users, DSM-IV abusers, and those with DSM-IV dependence disorders in a nationally representative sample. J Studies Alcohol Drugs 2012; 73(5): 820-828. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2012.73.820
Stone AL, O’Brien MS, De La Torre A, Anthony JC. Who is becoming hallucinogen dependent soon after hallucinogen use starts? Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 87: 153-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.008
United States Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality 2010. National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
United States Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality 2011. National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2010. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
United States Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality 2012. National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2011. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
United States Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality 2013. National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2012. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
United States Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality 2014. National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2013. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
Prue B. Prevalence of reported peyote use 1985-2010 effects of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1994. Am J Addict 2014; 23: 151-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12083.x